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Reform ideas, such as results measurement and management, tend to come and go in different ‘tides of reforms’.

Our preliminary findings would contribute to understanding how the presence of GBH and CIP in freshwaters may represent a threat to wildlife and human health by causing enteric dysbiosis of part of the bacterial community. arenarum tadpoles can be used as non-conventional model organisms for environmental pollution monitoring.

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the alteration of cultivable enteric bacteria of autochthonous tadpoles due to two pollutants of emerging concern. decreased in the intestinal microbiota of the GBH-CIP-treated group. were only found in the GBH-treated group. Taxa diversity increased in the GBH-treated group but decreased in the CIP-treated group. Bacterial diversity varied among treatments. The diversity of cultivable fast-growing bacteria with low nutritional requirements was evaluated using classic microbiological tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry identification.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of commercial formulations of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP), individually and in mixture, on the bacterial diversity of the intestinal content of common toad (Rhinella arenarum) tadpoles. Since enteric bacteria, which play a key role in the physiological functioning of their hosts, are sensitive to a wide variety of pollutants, their study allows to evaluate the health of organisms. The high load of agrochemicals and antibiotics present in agricultural aquatic environments represents a risk for wildlife.

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